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Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematological malignancy affecting the elderly population. It arises from the malignant transformation of plasma cells, which are responsible for the excessive production of monoclonal immunoglobulins. These abnormal plasma cells are highly dependent on the bone marrow microenvironment for their growth, survival, and proliferation.
Traditionally, the gold standard for diagnosing multiple myeloma has been bone marrow biopsy, which provides essential information about plasma cell infiltration and disease burden. However, this procedure is invasive and may not always be feasible for repeated assessments during the course of the disease.
In recent years, liquid biopsy—particularly the analysis of peripheral blood—has emerged as a promising, less invasive alternative for disease monitoring. Liquid biopsies allow for the detection of circulating tumor DNA, RNA, and other biomarkers that may reflect the genetic and molecular landscape of the disease. This approach offers several advantages, including improved patient comfort, easier longitudinal monitoring, and the potential for earlier detection of relapse or treatment resistance.
This presentation will focus on the current and emerging applications of liquid biopsies in the management of multiple myeloma. We will explore their potential to complement or even partially replace traditional diagnostic tools, as well as the challenges and limitations that need to be addressed before they can be fully integrated into routine clinical practice.